Using Bag-of-Words

Have you ever wondered how machine learning models actually work with text? After all, these models require numerical input, but text is, well, text. Natural language processing (NLP) offers many ways to bridge this gap, from the large language models (LLMs) that are dominating headlines today all the way back to the foundational techniques of […]

Building a Python Library in 2026

So you want to build a Python library in 2026? Here’s everything you need to know about the state of the art.

Semantic Caching for LLMs: FastAPI, Redis, and Embeddings

Using LLMs to find Python C-extension bugs

Machine Learning Visualized

This is a series of Jupyter notebooks that help visualize the algorithms that are used in machine learning. Learn more about neural networks, regression, k-means clustering, and more.

Django: fixing a memory “leak” from Python 3.14’s incremental garbage collection

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Build Your Own AI Meme Matcher

Using a ~/.pdbrc File to Customize the Python Debugger

You can customize the Python debugger (PDB) by creating custom aliases within a .pdbrc file in your home directory. Read on to learn how.

Understanding FSMs by Building One From Scratch

After having worked with the transitions library for a while, Bob wondered how Finite State Machines work under the hood. This article shows you how he built one from scratch, modelling GitHub pull requests.

pandas vs Polars: Backed by a 10 Million Row Study

A benchmark study of 10M rows comparing Pandas vs. Polars. Explore the architectural shifts, lazy execution, and Rust-based speed of modern data tools.

Garbage Collection: From First Principles to Modern GC in Java, Go and Python

Cutting Python Web App Memory Over 31%

Timesliced Reservoir Sampling for Profilers

Reservoir sampling lets you pick a sample from an unlimited stream of events; learn how it works, and a new variant useful for profilers.

Comparing Portable DataFrame Tools in Python

This article explores three tools for DataFrame portability in Python: Ibis, Narwhals, and Fugue. Learn when to use each to write code that runs across multiple backends.

Gotchas With SQLite in Production

What you need to know before putting a Django project that uses SQLite in production. This is part 5 of a series that includes information on write-ahead logging, locking errors, performance, and more.

Smello for HTTP Requests

Roman built Smello, an open-source tool that captures outgoing HTTP requests from your Python code and displays them in a local web dashboard. Learn why he did it and how he uses it to debug API access.

Making Friendly Classes

What’s a friendly class? One that accepts sensible arguments, has a nice string representation, and supports equality checks. Read on to learn how to write them.

Comparing Python Type Checkers: Typing Spec Conformance

Python 3.15’s JIT is now back on track

Avoiding empty strings in non-nullable Django string-based model fields

Django silently converts None values in non-nullable string fields into empty strings, but a simple CheckConstraint can enforce truly required values and prevent empty data from slipping into your database.